Quality and Cost (Unit 1 IP) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quality and Cost (Unit 1 IP) - Research Paper Example Also, this means the Hotel might have to incur additional costs in terms of entertaining him during the waiting period. For example, they might have to serve a complementary meal depending upon situation or a seat in the customers lounge. This is an internal COQ. 5. No evidence of the clerk asking for room preference. This may lead to the guest being dissatisfied with the room he gets and may lead to bad word of mouth and loss of business. This is an example of internal COQ. Average check-in time exceeding the 4 minute standard, which in many cases might add to the customer dissatisfaction as well as the hotel is not getting the desired rating, and hence loss of business in terms of opportunity costs. This is an example of an external COQ. Usually in case of services, it is often difficult to differentiate costs as external or internal ones since the delivery of service is not detachable from the production of the service. Services being process based, the process cost can not usually be categorized as external. In order to achieve consistency in the behavioral aspect of the check-in process, for example, the standard three times the guest needs to be addressed by name, the staff needs to be trained accordingly. Sometimes, when the standards are not being met, the staff needs refresher trainings as well. This is a possible preventive cost of quality in the given scenario. Hotel Escargo might decide to hire an external agency to survey the process efficiencies for the check-in and check-out procedures which appear to be faulty for further investigation. This is an additional cost of quality and can be termed as an assessment cost. All the above identified costs shall be listed and then the data for the same shall be collected by quantifying the losses or costs incurred as costs of quality. They shall all be added (Pyzdek, 2000) to give an estimate of the cost of quality for

Pilot fatigue as a causal factor in aviation accidents Essay Example for Free

Pilot fatigue as a causal factor in aviation accidents Essay This paper aims to delve into the processes and effects of pilot fatigue and its role as a causal factor in aviation accidents. Pilot fatigue as a term is hard to define since different kind of people feel it in different ways and in certain degrees. For the purpose of this paper, however, we will define pilot fatigue as a state of mental and physical exhaustion resulting in a decrease in the ability to perform and maintain activities. The paper will examine the causes of pilot fatigue, its effect to pilot performance in the aircraft and its role in causing aviation accidents. The feeling of fatigue is usually associated with two factors; lack of sleep and disruption of the body’s normal circadian rhythm. The occurrence of one or both usually results in a feeling of sleepiness, tiredness and exhaustion. One of the most essential functions in the human body is sleep. Sleep is the main way by which the body receives rest and enables it to resume activities after wakening. The effects of sleep have been almost based mostly on the results felt with and without it. Generally, having the proper amount of sleep, about 6-8 hours, results in a feeling of well being and freshness. Sleep loss means the time getting less sleep than what is required by the body to perform functions effectively upon awakening. The amount of sleep one needs to perform effectively varies per person, with some needing eight hours while others can simply make do with four. If one needs only 4 hours, and he only sleeps two, two hours of sleep loss occurs. The first night of sleep loss may or may not have a perceptible impact on work activities but after cumulative sleep losses, the impact also increases. Sleep is one of the various body processes regulated by our circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm deals with regulating processes based on cycles of night and day. When one alters the circadian rhythm, it disrupts the body’s natural cycle of rest and sleep. (Sanquist, Raby, Forsythe, Carvalhais, 1997) Fatigue effects are generally the body’s way of attempting to get some rest. These include drowsiness, lapsing in and out of sleep, reduced alertness and muscle coordination, loss of concentration and spotty memory. A fatigued person has sluggish movements, slow reaction times and a tendency to lose focus of the task at hand. Graver is the tendency to become unconscious for brief periods of time, neglecting whatever action at hand. (Conway, Mode, Berman, Martin, Hill, 2005) In pilots, any one of these could lead to disaster. However, when a combination of them occurs, the risks rise dramatically. (Caldwell, 2005) Being a pilot exposes one to situations that result in fatigue. The schedule takes it toll. The paperwork and checks that a pilot has to undergo before the flight proper results in stress. However, it is the flight itself which is the main factor for fatigue in pilots. The long flights leave a pilot almost no time for rest, much less sleep. The banality of looking at controls aids in boring the pilot. Also, the travel of the plane may take it across one or more flight zones. One of the main indicators in the circadian rhythm is daylight. Taking a trip across time zones exposes the pilot to varying amounts of daylight in a single day. This is what’s properly known as jet lag. (Petrie, Powell, Broadbent, 2004) A fatigued pilot may find it easy to succumb to the effects of fatigue during a flight. Bourgeois-Bougrine, Carbon, Gounelle, Mollard, Coblentz, 2003) The cabin pressure, the dim lights, the monotonous sounds, all this have the potential to lure a tired pilot to sleep. Although resting periods are prescribed during flight, no relaxing sleep is derived from them. (Samel, Vejvoda, Maass, 2004) Pilots may also succumb to boredom fatigue, when their tasks become dull and monotonous. (Caldwell, 2001) Whatever discipline or training a pilot may have, it is no much to the needs of the body. It is true that as a pilot, one must be at peak alertness and performance. The effect of fatigue disrupts this and would logically lead to a disturbance in pilot activities. Once airborne, pilots must be vigilant in maintaining airspeed, altitude, pitch and course. In landing, they must be sure of themselves and their movements when banking, controlling the flaps and lowering the wheels. (Raymond Moser, 1995) Fatigue can make a pilot fail in any one of these tasks. This can cause aviation accidents. (Goode, 2003) However, data on the subject cannot empirically say what role fatigue plays. The effects of fatigue may be causative to accidents, but these effects can be induced by other means. There have been many cases where pilot error was cited to be the cause of the crash. However the reasons behind those errors may or may not be due to fatigue. Also, even with a fatigued pilot, it is possible to avoid incidents. (Goode, 2003)Co-pilots are in place not just to assist, but when necessary, take over a pilot. Although no empirical data supports fatigue as a major cause of aviation incidents, the fact that it can lead to such events have led aviation industry officials to take precautionary measures to prevent as well as minimize the effect of fatigue and the risks it entails to both passenger and crew. Guidelines regarding scheduling, medication and on air conduct are aimed to reduce pilot fatigue and boredom. (Conway et al. , 2004) Ensuring that the pilot is rested and is free from fatigue does not ensure an incident-free flight, but it does minimize the risks that the effects of fatigue could lead to disaster. (Smith Mason, 2001) Research Log The first step that I did was to identify the topic. I chose fatigue in pilots and its role in accidents since I have often looked up to pilots and wishes to know what happens when they are fatigued when flying. I researched materials relevant to my topic, from books I had to the internet. I began my paper by clearly stating what I wanted to express,as to avoid confusion and backtracking by the reader. The definition of terms was next to aid the reader in digesting the paper. The body consisted of a cause, effect and then role format. I presented the causes with the desire to impress upon the reader that fatigue happens to any one and everyone. I then enumerated the effects of fatigue to show how such a common event can lead to many risks. Next, particular focus was given to the pilots and their susceptibility to conditions leading to fatigue and conducive to its effects. Afterwards, I expressed that the effects of fatigue in pilots can lead to accidents. However, I refrained from directly pressing the role of fatigue since no data supports it directly. I used the effect of fatigue to show that since A causes B, then C which is caused by B is indirectly related to A. Afterwards, I wrapped up the paper with the measures being taken to prevent fatigue as well as a brief concluding statement.

Essay on the Theme of Nature in Antony and Cleopatra :: Antony Cleopatra Essays

Antony and Cleopatra:   The Theme of Nature  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nature, described as mysterious and secretive, is a recurrent theme throughout Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra.   Cleopatra, the ill-fated queen of Egypt, is both mysterious and secretive, and her emotional power is above and beyond nature’s great strength.   Whether described in a positive or in a negative manner, both nature and Cleopatra are described as being â€Å"great natural forces.†Ã‚   Throughout the first act, the two are compared and contrasted by various characters in the play.   The first act, set in Alexandria, Egypt, sets the stage for the play and presents the majority of the actors. Scene two introduces one of the major themes of the play, Nature.   This raunchy, innuendo- filled scene has two of Cleopatra’s close friends and one of Antony’s discussing her and Antony’s life.   Charmian, one of Cleopatra’s best friends, Alexas, one of Cleopatra’s servants (as well as the link between her and Antony), Enobarbus, one of Antony’s trusted Lieutenants, as well as a Soothsayers are all present and discussing their fortunes.   During this discussion, the Soothsayer states, â€Å" In Nature’s infinite book of secrecy/ A little I can read† (I.ii.10-11).   The Soothsayer explains to the others that there is little she can do outside of not only her powers, but also what nature allows her to.   One of the first references to nature and the mystery that revolves around it, this quote simply demonstrate s how little power the people have over something as great as nature.   Nature and the elements surrounding it are simply a mystery to the people of Rome.   In his discussion with his commanding Lieutenant, Enobarbus refers to Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt and Antony’s soon-to- be lover, as a great natural force that is above nature’s powers.   In the second scene of the first act, Antony states, â€Å"She is cunning past man’s thought† (I.ii.145).   This statement is then followed by Enobarbus’ statement about Cleopatra: â€Å"†¦her passions are made of noth/ing but the finest part of pure love.   We cannot call her /winds and waters sighs and tears; they are greater /storms and tempests than almanacs can re- port.   This/ cannot be cunning in her; if it be, she makes a show’r of /rain as well as Jove† (I.ii.146-151).   In this quote, Enobarbus shows great respect and admiration towards Cleopatra.   Not only does he defend her from Antony’s statement, but also he regards her with such high esteem that he compares her to Jove, the ruler of the gods in charge of rain, thunder, and lightning.

Emerging Wireless Technologies

A look into the future of wireless communications – beyond 3G Forward: The Public Safety Wireless Network (PSWN) Program is conducting an ongoing assessment of advancements in the wireless communications industry. The scope of this assessment is to identify emerging wireless services and technologies for potential public safety use in the near future and beyond. This particular document is the first of a series of emerging wireless technologies studies. This study will concentrate primarily on the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications and beyond. G – i. e. , an entirely packet switched network with all digital network elements and extremely high available bandwidth. For the most part, it is believed that 4G will bring true multimedia capabilities such as high-speed data access and video conferencing to the handset. It is also envisioned that 4G systems will be deployed with software defined radios, allowing the equipment to be upgraded to new protocols and services via software upgrades. 4G also holds the promise of worldwide roaming using a single handheld device. Wireless Generations At-a-Glance As with all technology progressions, the â€Å"next† upgrades must be in planning and development phases while its predecessors are being deployed. This statement holds true with all mobile telecommunications to date. It seems that it will also hold true for the next generations of wireless networks. The original analog cellular systems are considered the first generation of mobile telephony (1G). In the early 1980s, 1G systems were deployed. At the same time, the cellular industry began developing the second generation of mobile telephony (2G). The difference between 1G and 2G is in the signaling techniques used: 1G used analog signaling, 2G used digital signaling. As experience shows, the lead-time for mobile phone systems development is about 10 years. It was not until the early to mid 1990s that 2G was deployed. Primary thinking and concept development on 3G generally began around 1991 as 2G systems just started to roll out. Since the general model of 10 years to develop a new mobile system is being followed, that timeline would suggest 4G should be operational some time around 2011. 4G would build on the second phase Although the new, third generation (3G) wireless technology has not yet been implemented, leading companies in the industry are already laying the groundwork for what some are calling fourth generation (4G) technology. For the purposes of this article, 4G will be considered those technologies that are still in the planning stages and will not be deployed within the next five years. Researchers are continuing their ideas in the development of an undefined wireless world, which could become operational by 2010. The first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) of mobile telephony were intended primarily for voice transmission. The third generation of mobile telephony (3G) will serve both voice and data applications. There really is no clear definition of what 4G will be. It is generally accepted that 4G will be a super-enhanced version of of 3G, when all networks are expected to embrace Internet protocol (IP) technology. During the last year, companies such as Ericsson, Motorola, Lucent, Nortel and Qualcomm came up with â€Å"3G-plus† concepts that would push performance of approved, though still emerging, standards beyond current ones. Interoperability and the Evolution of Network Architectures One of the most challenging issues facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to make the network architectures compatible with each other. New signaling techniques are being designed specifically to enhance today's second generation (2G) networks, deliver unprecedented functionality for 3G, and successfully drive the Fourth Generation (4G) of wireless, thus delivering immediate and long-term benefits to carriers. With the architecture of each generation of wireless devices addressed in the development of advanced technologies, carriers can easily evolve their systems without additional network modifications, significantly reducing costs and implementation time. Currently, different wireless technologies (e. g. , GSM, CDMA, and TDMA1) are used throughout the world for the 2G, 2. 5G, and eventually 3G networks. There are two approaches being used to develop 4G access techniques: 3xRTT (currently 1xRTT for 2. 5 and 3G) and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA). These disparate access techniques currently do not interoperate. This issue may be solved with software defined radios. LinkAir Communications is developing a new access technology called large-area-synchronized code-division multiple access (LAS-CDMA). LASCDMA will be compatible with all current and future standards, and there is a relatively 1 GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access easy transition from existing systems to LAS-CDMA (using software defined radios). LinkAir emphasizes that LASCDMA will accommodate all the advanced technologies planned for 4G and that LASCDMA will further enhance either 3xRTT or W-CDMA system’s performance and capacity. Internet Speeds 2. 5G is the interim solution for current 2G networks to have 3G functionality. 2. 5G networks are being designed such that a smooth transition (software upgrade) to 3G can be realized. 2. 5G networks currently offer true data speeds up to 28kbps. In comparison, the theoretical speed of 3G can be up to 2 Mbps, i. e. , approximately 200 times faster than previous 2G networks. This added speed and throughput will make it possible to run applications such as streaming video clips. It is anticipated that 4G speeds could be as high as 100 Mbps. Thus, 4G will represent another quantum leap in mobile Internet speeds and picture quality. Ericsson confirms that 4G could bring connection speeds of up to 50 times faster than 3G networks and could offer three-dimensional visual experiences for the first time. The following graph represents what has been the typical progression of wireless communications: Quality of Service Challenges In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability (e. g. , 4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99. 99%). Supporting QOS in 4G networks will be a major challenge. When considering QOS, the major hurdles to overcome in 4G include: varying rate channel characteristics, bandwidth allocations, fault tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. Fortunately, QOS support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, and network levels. QOS will be able to be tweaked at these different operating levels, making the network more flexible and possibly more tolerant to QOS issues. Varying rate channel characteristics refers to the fact that 4G applications will have varying bandwidth and transition rate requirements. In order to provide solid network access to support the anticipated 4G applications, the 4G networks must be designed with both flexibility and scalability. Varying rate channel characteristics must be considered to effectively meet user demand and ensure efficient network management. Spectrum is a finite resource. In current wireless systems, frequency licensing and efficient spectrum management are key issues. In 4G systems, bandwidth allocations may still be a concern. Another concern is interoperability between the signaling techniques that are planned to be used in 4G (e. g. , 3xRTT, WCDMA). In comparison with current 2G and 2. 5G networks, 4G will have more fault tolerance capabilities built-in to avoid unnecessary network failure, poor coverage, and dropped calls. 4G technology promises to enhance QOS by the use of better diagnostic techniques and alarms tools. G will have better support of roaming and handoffs across heterogeneous networks. Users, even in today’s wireless market, demand service transparency and roaming. 4G may support interoperability between disparate network technologies by using techniques such as LAS-CDMA signaling. Other solutions such as software defined radios could also support roaming across disparate network technologies in 4G systems. These major challenges to QOS in 4G networks are currently being studied and solutions are being developed. Developers believe that QOS in 4G will rival that of any current 2G or 2. 5G network. It is anticipated that the QOS in 4G networks will closely approximate the QOS requirements in the wireline environment (99. 999% reliability). The emergence of next generation wireless technologies is going enhance the effectiveness of the existing methods used by public safety†¦ 4G Applications and Their Benefits to Public Safety One of the most notable advanced applications for 4G systems is locationbased services. G location applications would be based on visualized, virtual navigation schemes that would support a remote database containing graphical representations of streets, buildings, and other physical characteristics of a large metropolitan area. This database could be accessed by a subscriber in a moving vehicle equipped with the appropriate wireless device, which would provide the platform on which would appear a virtual representation of the environment ahead. For example, one woul d be able to see the internal layout of a building during an emergency rescue. This type of application is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Telegeoprocessing†, which is a combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) working in concert over a high-capacity wireless mobile system. Telegeoprocessing over 4G networks will make it possible for the public safety community to have wireless operational functionality and specialized applications for everyday operations, as well as for crisis management. The emergence of next generation wireless technologies will enhance the effectiveness of the existing methods used by public safety. 3G technologies and beyond could possibly bring the following new features to public safety: Virtual navigation: As described, a remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle, where a rendering program permits the occupants to visualize the environment ahead. They may also â€Å"virtually† see the internal layout of buildings to plan an emergency rescue, or to plan to engage hostile elements hidden in the building. Tele-medicine: A paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote location could access medical records (e. g. , x-rays) and establish a video conference so that a remotely based surgeon could provide â€Å"on-scene† assistance. In such a circumstance, the paramedic could relay the victim's vital information (recorded locally) back to the hospital in real time, for review by the surgeon. Crisis-management applications: These arise, for example, as a result of natural disasters where the entire communications infrastructure is in disarray. In such ircumstances, restoring communications quickly is essential. With wideband wireless mobile communications, both limited and complete communications capabilities, including Internet and video services, could be set up in a matter of hours. In comparison, it may take days or even weeks to re-establish communications capabilities when a wireline network is rendered inoperable. Limitations of 4G Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations that must be addressed. One major limitation is operating area. Although 2G networks are becoming more biquitous, there are still many areas not served. Rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks. This limitation of today’s networks will carry over into future generations of wireless systems. The hype that is being created by 3G networks is giving the general public unrealistic expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime communications. The public must realize that although high-speed data communications will be delivered, it will not be equivalent to the wired Internet – at least not at first. If measures are not taken now to correct perception issues, when 3G and later 4G services are deployed, there may be a great deal of disappointment associated with the deployment of the technology, and perceptions could become negative. If this were to happen, neither 3G nor 4G may realize its full potential. Another limitation is cost. The equipment required to implement a nextgeneration network is still very expensive. Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept realistic. One technique currently being implemented in Asian networks is a Pay-Per-Use model of services. This model will be difficult to implement in the United States, where the public is used to a service-for-free model (e. g. , the Internet). Conclusions 4G networks may eventually deliver on all the promises. At times, it seems that technological advances are being made on a daily basis. These advances will make highspeed data/voice-over-Internet-protocol (VoIP) networks a reality. In the meantime, it is important for industry to develop a strong 3G offering that is palatable for the general public. Equally as important, industry must ensure that expectations are realistic and that services meet and exceed those expectations. If all goes according to what the industry envisions, it may be sooner, rather than later that we will see wireless communications evolve. This evolution will give the general public as well as the public safety community amazing functionality from the convenience of a single handheld device. Postscript: The purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to next-generation wireless communications. In coming articles, further developments in 4G (e. g. , services, billing, protocols, and standards) and other emerging wireless technologies will be presented in greater depth. References http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/ptech/03/08/4G.world.idg/ http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1999/nsf9968/nsf9968.htm

Religious Truth vs. Scientific Truth Essay

Scientific beliefs have a basis of solid evidence and can been proven using the scientific method and through extensive research. But there is no â€Å"scientific method† for proving religious beliefs. That is, there is no way one could know that a particular, or any religion is â€Å"true† or â€Å"false. † That therefore, raises a question, â€Å"are religious beliefs true in the same sense that scientific beliefs are true? † I believe that since we have no way of telling indefinitely which religion is the â€Å"truth,† that it is simply an important feature of ones personality and outlook on the world, and what they personally choose to believe is â€Å"true† to them. Like Robert Solomon says in â€Å"The Little Philosophy Book,† â€Å"Perhaps one could suggest that religious beliefs are more like aesthetic beliefs; that is, they are just ‘personal’ or, in other words, subjective. They are not literally true but not false either. † In order to determine this conclusion, however, one must look at both the reasons to believe this is true, and also the opposing viewpoint. What religious beliefs are true? If you believe your own to be true you are therefore saying that all others, who believe differently are wrong. But at the same time if you claim that others can be true you are implying that your own is false. And if you claim that neither one is true nor false, but it is an issue of personal belief and simply subjective, then what does that say of the many religious believers who believe that their religion is the true one? That what everyone believes may in fact be false? Personally, I do not believe by suggesting that religious beliefs are personal and that just because someone else believes something differently, that they are false. Religious beliefs are beliefs taught, not seen or proven, but knowing and having faith in their existence. I like the way that Gandhi views religion. His idea of religion was not totally esoteric. He knew that every religion was connected with some belief system supported by rituals and he tried to get rid of the rituals as far as possible and make it more universal. To Gandhi religion was a human institution made my human ingenuity to solve practical affairs as well as spiritual matter. He explained it as trying to climb a mountain. The mountain represented Heaven, or ones idea of it. And it doesn’t matter which side of the mountain you climb, (which religion you practice) but that all religion have the same goal. That coincides with my belief, that although people may have various different religious beliefs, one does not make the other false. It can be said that the only way something, anything, could be absolutely true is with the support of evidence and proof. That is where the opposition of my opinion comes in. Scientific theories can be proven and have â€Å"evidence. † But it is also widely believed that religion too, has â€Å"evidence. † Evidence such as the bible, miracles and scientific studies that show the efficacy of intercessory prayer and the effects of religion on person health. However, this does not necessarily prove one religions beliefs to be true, more so it proves the existence of religion as a whole.

Free Essays on Four Main Parts Of A Computer

The four categories are the processor, memory, input and output devices, and storage devices. I will explain what each one of these are, in definitions. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is what we call the processor. The computer CPU is responsible for handling all instructions and calculations that it receives from other hardware components in the computer, and software programs running on the computer. There are many different speeds of processors, but I can’t name all of them. Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly. Memory is often referred to as random access memory (RAM). The RAM accesses instructions and data from the more slowly accessed hard disk form of storage. There are four sections of memory, external memory, high memory area, upper memory area and conventional memory. External memory (XMS) is directly accessible memory starting at 1 MB. High memory area (HMA) is the first 64 KB of XMS, the extended memory above the first 1MB of memory. Upper memory area (UMA) is located between 640KB and 1MB. Upper Memory Block (UMB) is areas of upper memory that is remapped into RAM. Conventional memory portion of the RAM is the only portion of memory DOS. I/O (input/output), is any operation, program, or device that transfers data to or from a computer. Typical I/O devices are printers, hard disks, keyboards, and mice. A storage device is capable of storing data. The term usually refers to mass storage devices, such as disk and tape drives. So this explains the four categories of computer hardware, and their component’s and section’s.... Free Essays on Four Main Parts Of A Computer Free Essays on Four Main Parts Of A Computer The four categories are the processor, memory, input and output devices, and storage devices. I will explain what each one of these are, in definitions. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is what we call the processor. The computer CPU is responsible for handling all instructions and calculations that it receives from other hardware components in the computer, and software programs running on the computer. There are many different speeds of processors, but I can’t name all of them. Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly. Memory is often referred to as random access memory (RAM). The RAM accesses instructions and data from the more slowly accessed hard disk form of storage. There are four sections of memory, external memory, high memory area, upper memory area and conventional memory. External memory (XMS) is directly accessible memory starting at 1 MB. High memory area (HMA) is the first 64 KB of XMS, the extended memory above the first 1MB of memory. Upper memory area (UMA) is located between 640KB and 1MB. Upper Memory Block (UMB) is areas of upper memory that is remapped into RAM. Conventional memory portion of the RAM is the only portion of memory DOS. I/O (input/output), is any operation, program, or device that transfers data to or from a computer. Typical I/O devices are printers, hard disks, keyboards, and mice. A storage device is capable of storing data. The term usually refers to mass storage devices, such as disk and tape drives. So this explains the four categories of computer hardware, and their component’s and section’s....

What is Line Editing 4 Ways It Can TRANSFORM Your Book

What is Line Editing 4 Ways It Can TRANSFORM Your Book What is Line Editing, and What Can It Do For Your Book? (With Examples!) Whether you're dashing off a note to a colleague or listing your bike for sale on Craigslist, your writing could always use a second pair of eyes. But what is line editing specifically? A tool for occasions when the language itself really matters, it's not something you need every time you sit down to finish a work email. But a book - that's another story.For an author, a line edit can be the secret sauce that takes a manuscript from good to great - turning a solid story into a bestseller-in-waiting that's impossible to put down. This post takes a look at how exactly it can transform your book project. Find out what line editing involves right here. What is line editing?Line editing is the act of examining a piece of writing on the level of craft - making sure the language is creative and concise, while the content is consistent and compelling.Also known as stylistic editing, it fine tunes your manuscript's, well, style, making sure it's written in a way that complements what you're trying to say.Your goal as an author is to make sure you’re carrying off the premise behind your book as well as possible. Have you ever been disappointed by a book you were excited to read, because it fumbled a cool concept with a so-so execution? If so, you've read something that could have benefited from this type of editing.Did you know the definition of â€Å"line editing† changes depending on the country? This posts covers its US definition. But in Canada it refers to a type of editing between developmental and copy editing, and in the UK it's basically interchangeable with "proofreading".Because of this regional variability, we' ve chosen not to use "line editing" in our editing service definitions. But never fear- if you'd like someone to edit your book for style, look no further than a Reedsy copy editor! They'll take care of  both creative and mechanical issues in one pass. 4 things line editors will do for your bookHear the words "line editing," and you might picture sharp-eyed readers wielding pens, filling pages with red marks as they go through. And you’d be right: This type of editor really does approach manuscripts in this fine-grained way. Instead of working in broad strokes - say, by rejigging the relationships between chapters and arcs or playing with the overall worldbuilding in a book - they operate, like their name suggests, on the level of lines.Overall, line editors examine manuscripts for word choice, economy of language, and consistency of content while making sure they evoke the appropriate reader response. You won't have to worry about the process making your book soulless or generic - the point isn't to turn out robotically "good" style that reads like everybody else; it's to help you sound like the best version of your writerly self.Let's take a closer look at what this looks like in practice. Say you've just finished writi ng an 18th-century paranormal romance called State of Blood. The action-packed story seems destined for the big screen, and the star-crossed lovers feel so vivid we hear them talking to us when we dream. The grammar is flawless, and spell check has been working overtime. However, the prose could use some... finessing. So you hand your manuscript over to a line editor. Here are four of the main ways they’ll review your book.1. Polish the prose 💎The editor will ensure you're using strong, precise word choice - and no clichà ©s."As star-crossed lovers, Clothilde and Janus felt like the whole world was against them. It felt bad. Thinking about her fellow vampires' negative response to the Janus' meaty fragrance in her underground chamber, Clothilde couldn't help but weep tears of freshly consumed blood.""Star-crossed lovers" and "the whole world was against them" might accurately describe the state of your characters' relationships, but these are clichà ©s you’l l likely want to avoid.   Try to use stronger, more specific language that brings their situation to life. Instead of telling us how they feel, can you show us in detail?"bad" - weak word choice, too generalIs "fragrance" in "meaty fragrance" really what you want here? Why not "scent"? If the response is negative, do the vampires find it repugnant? Then try "odor." Maybe they don't like the smell because it's distractingly appetizing and makes them want to drink Janus’ blood. If that’s the case, make sure that comes across clearly.2. Trim the fat 🔠ªThe editor will ensure the syntax is clean and that there are no wasted words."Janus was on his way to a meeting of the wizard's council when he saw the broadsheets being passed out on the street that clearly had something to do with the embezzlement case Clothilde was investigating, even if he couldn't see the lettering very clearly. Clothilde's investigation of the embezzlement was not going well. His trip to the council meeting was also now going to be similarly derailed."The first sentence is really long and unwieldy. To make it easier for readers to navigate, try breaking it up and condensing the language. Maybe something like: "On his way to a meeting of the wizard's council, Janus saw broadsheets being passed out on the street. He couldn't make out the lettering, but they clearly had something to do with Clothilde’s embezzlement case."Unnecessary repetition. You don't need to write about "Clothilde's investigation of the embezzlement case" right after talking about "the embezzlement case Clothilde was investigating." (Repetition does have a place in your prose, however! To learn more, check out our guide to repetition.)In the last sentence, you don't need "also" and "similarly".3. Fill in the holes 🕠³The editor will look for plot and character consistency. "Clothilde gagged at the smell of blood. Janus regarded her, now clearly in pain, with mild disinterest."Isn't Clothilde a vampire? Her gagging at the smell of blood seems to be inconsistent with that.Why is Janus responding to her pain with "mild disinterest"? Aren't they supposed to be deeply in love?4. Mood and tone 🎠­The editor will ensure your writing is not  making readers laugh when you want to make them cry. "'Clothilde!' Janus screeched, as her eyes dimmed and dulled. The stake stuck out of her shapely chest at an angle that made it look like a light switch in the off position. The embezzler giggled. Janus glared at him indignantly and pulled the stake out with a squelching sound."This is meant to be the book's tragic climax, but the tone is off, making it come across as unintentionally funny. Try retooling your diction to convey the gravity of the moment. Take an especially hard look at things like "screeched," "giggled," "glared at him indignantly," and "squelching sound," which read a bit slapstick and make the stakes feel low.Is her death scene really an appropriate time to comment on Clothilde's "shapely" chest?The light switch simile is out of place because of the novel's historical setting - as an 18th century wizard, Janus wouldn't know what a light switch is!Why hire a professional line editor?Maybe your manuscript isn't in as rough a shape as State of Blood. But you still wan t some help tightening it up and making sure there aren't any gaffes that slipped past your notice. Do you have to shell out for a professional editor, or is this something you can DIY? How to Edit a Book: a 3-Step Guide to a Bestselling Novel Read post Do:âÅ"ӕ ¸  Set your manuscript aside for a couple of days- at least- before you go over it. Let your own language, likely as familiar to you as your heartbeat by now, to become new to you again. Only then should you approach it as an editor.âÅ"ӕ ¸  Read everything out loud to yourself. Do your sentences flow well? Does their order make sense? Does the dialogue sound natural coming out of a human (or vampiric) mouth? If you find yourself gasping for breath before the end of a sentence, consider slicing it up. If you stumble over a certain word, rework or cut it.âÅ"ӕ ¸  Do a style audit for your own, personal clichà ©s. Of course you want to avoid actual clichà ©s - expressions like â€Å"in the nick of time† and â€Å"raining cats and dogs† can make any piece of writing feel boilerplate. But writers should pay attention to their own stylistic quirks as well. These idiosyncrasies are a good thing, up to a certain point: they are the hallmarks of per sonal style. Just make sure you're not overusing them to the extent of irritating your readers. Do you use more em dashes more than full stops? Are your characters addressing each other by name so much your dialogue feels stilted? Do they constantly "chortle" instead of laugh or "declaim" their words instead of saying them? Maybe you have a good reason for making these choices. But maybe it’s time to consider making some changes.Don't:⠝Å' Become a thesaurus junkie. When it comes to precise and varied word choice, a writer's favorite reference tome can be extraordinarily useful. But signs of egregious thesaurus use are obvious and damning - transforming blue eyes into "ultramarine orbs" and bad feelings into "substandard affections." The resulting, tortured constructions read more freshman composition than Pulitzer Prize.⠝Å' Insult your reader. In editing your manuscript for clarity, you may be tempted to make some insertions in order to, well, clarify your prose. But d on’t go too far and end up unnecessarily spelling things out. Your readers are smart. They should be guided through the text by a similarly discerning author - not stuck with interpretive training wheels.⠝Å' Avoid asking for any help, ever. You've decided not to hire a professional, but that doesn't mean you're doomed to edit alone like a hermit in a tiny cell. Consider seeking out beta readers, sensitivity readers if necessary, or even running your writing questions by a friend, on- or off-line. Learn everything you need to know about line editing your own book here! Now that you’ve learned about this crucial type of editing, you can use that knowledge to turn out a book as polished as your ideas deserved! Whether you end up scouring the marketplace for professional assistance or engaging your inner editor, your manuscript will thank you for it.Have you ever worked with a line editor? Leave your experiences or questions in the comments below!

How to Break the News About Bad Grades to Your Parents

How to Break the News About Bad Grades to Your Parents If you are expecting a bad grade, or if you’ve just found out you’re going to flunk a class, then it’s pretty likely that you’re facing a tough conversation with your parents. It may be tempting to delay the bad news as long as you can, but that is a bad idea. You have to address this head on and prepare your parents for a shock. Don’t let your parents be surprised by bad news Procrastination just makes things worse in any situation, but it’s especially damaging in this situation. If your parents are surprised by a flunking grade, they’ll feel doubly disappointed. If they have to learn at the last minute or discover the news through a teacher, they’ll feel like there is a lack of trust and communication on top of the academic problem at hand. By telling them ahead of time, you’re letting them know that you don’t want to keep secrets from them. Schedule a meeting It’s hard to talk to parents sometimes- we all know this. Right now, however, it’s time to bite the bullet and schedule a time to talk with your parents. Pick a time, make some tea or pour some soft drinks, and call a meeting. This effort alone will let them know that you are taking this seriously. Acknowledge the big picture Your parents will want to know that you understand the seriousness of bad grades. After all, high school is the doorway to adulthood, so your parents will want to know that you do understand what is at stake. Understand that this is a time when you are laying the foundation for a successful future and communicate that view in your conversation with your parents. Acknowledge your mistakes Remember that everybody makes mistakes (including parents). The good news is that you can learn from your mistakes. Before you speak with your parents, make an effort to understand what went wrong in the first place. Take some time to figure out why the bad grade happened (and be honest about this). Were you overloaded this year? Did you take on too much? Maybe you had a problem with priorities or time management. Make a real effort to get to the root of your problem, then think of ways to make the situation better. Be prepared Write your conclusions and plans on a piece of paper and take it with you when you meet with your parents. Talk about your possible ideas. Are you willing to go to summer school? Maybe you should drop sports next year if you have to take a make-up course next year? Think about the steps you can take and be ready to discuss them. Your goal is to show your parents that you are willing to take ownership. Admit you screwed up or that you have a problem- if you did- and let your parents know that you have a plan to avoid making the same mistake in the future. By taking ownership, you are showing a sign of growing up, and your parents will be happy to see it. Be mature Even if you go in with a plan, you must be willing to receive other suggestions. Don’t go into the meeting with the attitude that you have all the answers. As we grow into adults, we sometimes learn to push our parents’ buttons. If you really want to be a grownup, it’s time to stop pushing those buttons now. Don’t try to get into a fight with your parents to blur the topic and transfer the problem to them, for instance. Another common trick that parents see through: don’t use drama to try to manipulate the situation. Don’t cry and exaggerate your guilt to generate some sympathy. Sound familiar? We all do things like this as we test our boundaries. The point here is, it’s time to move on and learn. Be prepared to receive news you don’t like. Your parents’ idea of a solution may be different from your own. Be flexible and cooperative. You can recover from any situation if you are willing to learn and to make the necessary changes. Make a plan and follow it!

Business Driven Information Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Driven Information Systems - Term Paper Example As the report discusses the University of La Verne is faced by a threat of new universities within California which are providing competitive programs. In addition, supplier power for educational and research material has become a threat to the brand identity of the university which ranked among the top institutions of higher education in California. This paper declares that the University of La Verne is mandated to employ proper management and institutional strategies that will help it to overcome the threat of new entrants into the higher education sector and education service delivery. In addition the university must be sensitive to the power of the buyer who comprise of its students who purchase educational services. This would be achieved through affordable and high quality education which meets the needs of the students for competitive advantage. The threat of substitutes is a business challenge for competitive advantage. It is in this sense that the University of La Verne should employ proper business strategies such as marketing so that it can overcome the threat of other research centers. IT success within the University of La Verne’s can be measured in terms of its congruency with the goals and objectives of the institution. Effective adoption and implementation of information technology is must be in line with t he goals and objectives of an organization or institution such as efficiency of operations and activities.

Government Deficit Spending Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government Deficit Spending - Research Paper Example Another way of reducing budget deficit is by increasing the number of people under taxation. In the current taxation system, couples earning more than $ 200, 000 per month are exempted from a certain level of taxation. Creating an equal taxation rate in all American citizens may significantly increase the rate at which the government contains revenue. An increase revenue collection will increase the GDP thus minimizing the debts incurred through borrowing. In an argument by Masters collecting enough tax from the citizens may reduce unsure the budget value is not exceeded. Additionally, the author points out that this may also increase government earning significantly even creating a surplus in the proposed budget. The congress also proposed creation of budget policies that may prevent the government from over spending from the budget proposed amount. Â  Over the years, the government has surpassed on expenditure amount as specified in the national budget. For this reason, the amount of debt has increased. However, the proposed budget policies may only be possible if the budget is made flexible and large enough to cater for emergencies and all the requirements over the annual calendar. Â   The white house and the congress disagree on the proposed changes considering the fact that the white house may be affected from the proposed expenditure cuts. However, the white house understands the need to reduce government expenditure. The proposed expenditure and revenue policies require the contribution by both parties.

Facilities Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facilities Management - Essay Example The article reveals that the main problem with the initiative is the con that, it will take long for investors to see the benefit from their investments. The problem is evident in facilities such as schools and city halls, where the return on investment may take a long time and investors are not convinced as to whether it is a worthwhile investment. In the case of the commercial sector, the problem is more apparent due to the fact that, it is difficult to predict business growth, and whether the duration of the eco-friendly building will match the time-line of the business. An example of this factor is municipal buildings; since they are used through generations, it is difficult to establish whether the buildings will be able to last the duration of the generations. It has resulted in the investors being skeptical about the plan. (Taylor, ‘Building a Better Future’) As a result, short terms measures have been suggested such as creating small projects that facilitate the reduction of carbon emission, and ensure a short-term return on investment. Such factors have led to individual’s missing out on financial opportunities. The intervention of the government has led helped in aiding the investment hurdles and promoting the development of more concrete programs that will provide a better return on investment. ... Such is the importance of getting investors and businesses in general to alter their business models, to those that will emphasize the development of energy efficient firms and save money both in the short and the long-term. The article is an educative piece of literature on the importance of establishing energy efficient businesses. It is evident how firms are using much energy at the moment, hence spending more money than they should in their daily operations. Based on the article’s information, it is clear that businesses should seek ways of reducing energy use, and this eventually will lead to a reduced cost of production. In conclusion, we learn, the fact that firms use more energy in production has resulted in the high prices of commodities in the market (Taylor, ‘Building a Better Future’). With use of energy conserving measures in organizations, it will reduce the production costs and in turn, reduce the price of commodities in the market. Based on that, e nergy conserving factors will serve to influence the internal and external factors of a business. It implies that energy conserving will be the catalyst for the reduction in the cost factors on a country’s scale. Energy conserving can be considered as the solution to making life in the US much cheaper. An Online Solution The article highlights the challenges encountered by real estate and facility managers, in handling asset related data. Several core processes are usually involved in facility management hence it is important to establish situations where data exchange occurs. This will help facility managers come up with tools that will ensure efficient and

Blighs Claims and Liabilities in Tort Case Study

Blighs Claims and Liabilities in Tort - Case Study Example Tort may include that this personal violation or wrong can be negligent or intentional such as battery or defamation of character. Torts can also be violations of personal property as well. Strictly speaking, torts are called civil wrongs as opposed to criminal wrongs. However, torts like battery can be both a tort and a crime and the defendant can face both civil and criminal penalties. Torts may be committed with force or without force to the person or to the property in possession. Tort laws have been enacted to provide relief for the damages incurred and deter others from committing the same injurious acts. Under most tort laws, a person can sue for an injunction to stop the continuation of an injurious act or for monetary damages. Under Tort law, a person can also sue for loss of earnings capacity, pain and suffering, and reasonable medical expenses in the present and projected into the future. Some of the more specific torts include trespass, assault & battery, negligence, products liability, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Tort liability fall into three categories: intentional, negligent and liability. (i) Negligence: Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of duty of care owed by one person to another. In order to claim damages under 'negligence', the following conditions must have been satisfied. In the above case, the de... b) The defendant breached the duty of care c) Breach causing harm in fact d) The injury / loss was caused by the breach and damages need to be awarded e) Breach being a proximate or not too remote a cause, in law In the above case, the defendant Mr. Hood had negligently left the keys in the ignition, because of which, Mr. Fletcher took the cruiser without Mr. Hood's permission and hit Mr. Bligh's barge. This has resulted in damage to the property of Mr. Bligh. If Mr. Hood had properly locked it, and had not left the keys in the ignition itself, the damage wouldn't have happened. As such, 'negligence' has provided a cause of action against Mr. Hood. In Donoghue v. Stevenson's case , Mrs Donoghue could sue the manufacturer of Ginger Beer for negligence, since he had not exercised due care in checking the contents of Ginger Beer which had decomposed snail in it. (ii) Vicarious Liability: It is not sure whether Mr. Fletcher is an employee of Mr. Hood. If he is an employee of Mr. Hood, Mr. Bligh can claim damages from Mr. Hood under Vicarious liability as well. "Since his employee harmed the barge of Mr. Bligh in the course of his employment, he is required to bear responsibility for it. In one of the tort cases, the conductor of a bus drove the bus negligently and injured a pedestrian. The court ruled that the owner of that bus is liable for conductor's irresponsible act, since the accident happened during the course of employment. (iii) Intangible Economic Interests / Monitory loss: Because of the above act of Mr. Fletcher, the barge was damaged and took a day to repair. As a result, Mr. Bligh was unable to use it to carry on his transport business and lost a day's profit, there being no other barge available. Mr. Bligh, can claim the monitory loss

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 -UK Essay

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 -UK - Essay Example   The aims of the Commission and the Executive, whose existence and functions derive from the 1974 Act, are to protect the health, safety and welfare of employees and to safeguard others, principally the public, who may be exposed to risks from work activities. The Act was intended:  - To make further provision for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work;- To protect others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of persons at work;- To control the keeping and use and prevent the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of dangerous substances.   Measuring and Accounting for Corporate Health and Safety Performance,  seeking views on the case for improving approaches to measuring and accounting for corporate health and safety performance. This was circulated to ‘key players’ in the British ‘occupational health and safety system’ and was made available on www.rospa.co.uk. It examined performance measuremen t and reporting against the background of strategic policy development in occupational safety and health as raised in the Governments and the Health and Safety Commission’s plans for ‘Revitalising Health and Safety at Work’    and wider issues of holistic business risk management raised in guidance on the Turnbull Report. A lot of factors may in be in place preventing.  They were built and used at a time when regulatory requirements and operational priorities were very different from those of today.

Blighs Claims and Liabilities in Tort Case Study

Blighs Claims and Liabilities in Tort - Case Study Example Tort may include that this personal violation or wrong can be negligent or intentional such as battery or defamation of character. Torts can also be violations of personal property as well. Strictly speaking, torts are called civil wrongs as opposed to criminal wrongs. However, torts like battery can be both a tort and a crime and the defendant can face both civil and criminal penalties. Torts may be committed with force or without force to the person or to the property in possession. Tort laws have been enacted to provide relief for the damages incurred and deter others from committing the same injurious acts. Under most tort laws, a person can sue for an injunction to stop the continuation of an injurious act or for monetary damages. Under Tort law, a person can also sue for loss of earnings capacity, pain and suffering, and reasonable medical expenses in the present and projected into the future. Some of the more specific torts include trespass, assault & battery, negligence, products liability, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Tort liability fall into three categories: intentional, negligent and liability. (i) Negligence: Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of duty of care owed by one person to another. In order to claim damages under 'negligence', the following conditions must have been satisfied. In the above case, the de... b) The defendant breached the duty of care c) Breach causing harm in fact d) The injury / loss was caused by the breach and damages need to be awarded e) Breach being a proximate or not too remote a cause, in law In the above case, the defendant Mr. Hood had negligently left the keys in the ignition, because of which, Mr. Fletcher took the cruiser without Mr. Hood's permission and hit Mr. Bligh's barge. This has resulted in damage to the property of Mr. Bligh. If Mr. Hood had properly locked it, and had not left the keys in the ignition itself, the damage wouldn't have happened. As such, 'negligence' has provided a cause of action against Mr. Hood. In Donoghue v. Stevenson's case , Mrs Donoghue could sue the manufacturer of Ginger Beer for negligence, since he had not exercised due care in checking the contents of Ginger Beer which had decomposed snail in it. (ii) Vicarious Liability: It is not sure whether Mr. Fletcher is an employee of Mr. Hood. If he is an employee of Mr. Hood, Mr. Bligh can claim damages from Mr. Hood under Vicarious liability as well. "Since his employee harmed the barge of Mr. Bligh in the course of his employment, he is required to bear responsibility for it. In one of the tort cases, the conductor of a bus drove the bus negligently and injured a pedestrian. The court ruled that the owner of that bus is liable for conductor's irresponsible act, since the accident happened during the course of employment. (iii) Intangible Economic Interests / Monitory loss: Because of the above act of Mr. Fletcher, the barge was damaged and took a day to repair. As a result, Mr. Bligh was unable to use it to carry on his transport business and lost a day's profit, there being no other barge available. Mr. Bligh, can claim the monitory loss

Ethnics studies 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnics studies 2 - Essay Example Another police officer (Matt Dillon) perceives that a light-skinned woman but actually from the black race (Thandie Newton) is white. Racial discrimination is also evident when a white producer says that black character "doesnt sound black enough," to the black TV director (Terrence Dashon Howard) it never occurs to him that even the executive doesnt also sound "sound black," either. These characters say precisely what they think about the other race, without the filters of political appropriateness. The district attorneys wife is so terrified by the encounter on the street that she is forced to change the locks, she then has a feeling that the locksmith will get back with his gang to attack the family. The white policeman is not able to access to health concern for his vanishing father, and thus sets to accuse the black woman at his HMO that she is intriguing gain of privileged ethnic treatment. When the Iranian is not able to comprehend what the locksmith is trying to tell him, he becomes insecure, and gets a gun for personal defense. In the recent world, white elites’ fabricated race and racial discrimination to defend their supremacy and that of the white people in general. The whites’ have acknowledged the privileges they get from the structure and helped sustain it. The problem does not arise from the personality prejudices that are present in a variety of ways in all groups but from white race superiority, which is articulated not only by persons but also in universal and institutional behaviors. There is tiny insinuation of such perception in the film, which makes it specifically more hazardous in a white-dominated culture in which white people are enthusiastic to keep away from confronting the dispensation. Crash is white supremacist for the reason that it tries to cover up the certainty of white

Macbeths Letter Essay Example for Free

Macbeths Letter Essay I am writing to you as I know that you will keep the contents of this letter a secret. The last few days have been very strange and unreal to me. I cannot believe how much my life has changed in such a short space of time. I ask you to please destroy this letter once you have read it and not tell a soul about what it contains as I have committed a terrible crime. A couple of days ago I was a noble warrior fighting against Norway and now Im king of Scotland. With my brandishd steel I approached the leader of the Norwegians, Macdonald, and unseamd him from the nave to thchaps and fixd his head on our battlements to show everyone he was dead. Norway were defeated. After the battle, Banquo and I walked along the moors and we came across three weird sisters that looked nothing I had ever seen on this earth. They greeted me by saying All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Glamis, All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor, All hail Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter. At this greeting I was rather shocked and confused. True I was Thane of Glamis but Thane of Cawdor and king? The Thane of Cawdor lived and as was the king. I was puzzled. Were these prophecies real? Whilst I was lost in my thoughts, Banquo asked them to predict something for him as they had for me. They told him that his children shall be kings but he will not be king himself. I ordered them to stay and tell me more but they were unwilling to be ordered by me and vanished into thin air. I do not think Banquo believed his prophecies as much as I did mine. We carried on walking and talked about the witches. Then we saw two men coming towards us. They said that the king had sent them because he had heard of my success in battle. One of the men said the king bade him to call me Thane of Cawdor! I asked him why he was dressing me in borrowd robes. He explained to me that the old thane of Cawdor was a traitor and would be executed. I could not help thinking that the greatest was behind. I then thought a terrible thought. Murdering king Duncan to become king. I pushed the thought out of my head and told myself if chance will have me king, why chance may crown me without my stir. I did not have to get involved in order to become king. We made our way to the kings headquarters and king Duncan told me how grateful he was for what I had done in battle. I told him it was an honour to fight for him and I felt it was my duty to him. He then made a startling announcement. His eldest son Malcolm was named the Prince of Cumberland! I could not help feeling angry on hearing this. Malcolm stood in my way of becoming king. I felt as though I was not in control of my feelings. One minute I was loyal and the next I had these evil thoughts. They disturbed me but I could not stop them. I pleaded, stars hold your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires. I did not want anyone to see these terrible thoughts I had. Duncan said that he was to stay at my castle that night so I left at once to inform my wife of his arrival. I sent a letter on to Lady Macbeth to inform her of the meeting with the witches, their prophecies and my becoming Thane of Cawdor. I know she thinks that I cannot act on my ambitions and that I am too kind to act on the information that the witches gave to me. When I arrived I told her I told her about Duncan coming to stay. She encouraged the idea of murdering him. She told me to look like thinnocent flower but be the serpent undert. I was to look innocent but be ready to strike. I felt she was taking control of this situation. She overpowered me. I was not allowed to speak. I told her I needed to think about it but she did not listen and told me to leave all the rest to her. When Duncan arrived, Lady Macbeth greeted him as my mind was too full with other thoughts. I know she showed gratitude towards him and showed fake loyalty. I could not have been false to his face. I left the feast to be alone. I thought that if I were to murder Duncan it would be best to do it quickly. But how I hoped it would be the end of it without any consequences because I knew that with murder would come horrible consequences. I was confused as to what I should do. I was his subject. I looked up to him as king. I was his host. I should be protecting him not murdering him. I thought Duncan is no enemy of mine. He is my king. He has been a good king so far. If he was to be murdered then everyone would be horrified and there would be a wild protest. Everyone would be looking for the murderer. The only thing I had to make me murder him was my ambition and that alone is not alone. Lady Macbeth came to me and I told her we would proceed no further in this business. She called me a coward and said that if I told her to kill her child then she would do so. She had managed to change my mind. If we should fail? I asked her. She told me we would not fail and that Duncan would sleep easily after his long journey. She then said that she would convince his two guards to have some wine. They would be unaware of what is happening. Then when Duncan was dead we would smear blood on their limbs and let them bear the guilt of our great quell. At that moment I could not help admiring Lady Macbeth. I told her she should only have male children for she has great strength and courage. She told me that no one would suspect us because we would be distraught with sadness at the news of his death. My mind was made up. I told her that every bit of me was going to work at this murder. Part of me wanted to show I could do this and that I was not a coward. I was walking around the castle later that night when I came across Banquo and his son. Banquo told me he dreamt of the witches and how their prophecies had come true for me. I lied to him and told him that I did not think of them. I had to lie as I was about to kill the king. After Banquo left I saw in front of me a dagger. It looked as real as the one I had in my belt. It was pointing towards Duncans chamber. I saw blood on the dagger that was not on there before. My disturbed mind was showing me things that were not there. Suddenly a bell rang and I made my way towards Duncans chamber. When I returned to my wife from Duncans chamber I heard her say that she would have murdered him herself if he did not remind her of her father. I was anxious. I looked at my hands. It was a sorry sight. Lady Macbeth tried to get me to snap out of it. I told her that as I came out of the chamber I had heard someone saying their prayers in their room and how I could not even bring myself to utter the word amen. I felt cursed. She told me I should not think about it. I could not help thinking that it was the end of me. My wife warned me that to dwell on these things would make me mad. I felt mad at that moment. I had lost all control. I had murdered sleep. I did not think I would ever be able to sleep again. My wife told me to go and wash my hands. It was then that she noticed I still had the daggers. She ordered me to go and put them back. I told her I would not go back into that room. I was frightened. I couldnt find any ounce of bravery within me. I could not face going in there again. She was disgusted with me and told me I was acting like a child. She told me to leave it all to her. She took control once again. She returned the daggers and smeared the guards with Duncans blood. I became jumpy. I looked down at my hands again. I believed that I had so much blood on them that it could change the whole sea red if I were to put them in it. I felt a sense of disgust as I stared down at the blood. Lady Macbeth returned from the chamber and her hands too were covered in blood. She called me a coward. She seemed so certain that a little water would clear us of this deed. I was not so sure. I did not feel like myself anymore. I did not feel like the noble warrior I once was. I heard knocking and wished that it would wake Duncan up and rewind this whole tragedy. Now I am king. I will not bore you with how it all happened. I fear that people will suspect me. I think Mcduff already does. I fear that I will have to kill again to ensure that Lady Macbeth and myself are not found out. I only hope you will be able to forgive the terrible sins I have committed.

Journalist Freedom Contempt

Journalist Freedom Contempt Journalist Freedom Contempt â€Å"The protection of a journalists source is of such vital importance for the exercise of his right to freedom of expression that it must, as a matter of course, never be allowed to be infringed upon, save perhaps in very exceptional circumstances† (Judge de Meyer, Goodwin v. UK, 1996). Consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects the above position. This paper will look to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. Therefore, it will be necessary to outline what is meant by the ‘freedom of expression’ and section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981, in the context of journalists and the protection of their sources, so as to determine their nature and scope. Then, following on this, it will be necessary to consider how the two interrelate and the problems with looking to recognise this relationship, before looking specifically at the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, how the law has since developed, and how such matters have been dealt with in another jurisdiction, so as to effetively conclude upon this issue. Therefore, to begin with it is important to recognise the fact that, for any journalist, protecting the confidentiality of their sources is an integral part of their work because of the fact that they would be unable to carry out their jobs effectively without the trust of primary sources on the scene of some of the biggest news stories Accordingly, throughout the past two decades English courts have stressed the growing importance of freedom of expression and have become more willing to countenance the citation of authority from other jurisdictions Therefore, in some cases, English courts have even gone so far as to incorporate a statement of principle from First Amendment doctrine, as it is also widely understood the European human rights system generally supports journalists’ right to refuse to reveal their sources. This is effectively illustrated by the nature and scope of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950 that was effectively codified into our domestic legal system by the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998. Accordingly, in keeping with their membership of the European Community as a whole UK domestic law also offers some form of protection for journalists and their sources before a court of law under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981. However, whilst section 10 of the CCA 1981 codifies the idea that there is not a court in the country that can require someone to disclose the source of information that is contained in the publication that they are responsible for, and nor are they guilty for refusing to do so, unless it is effectively established that disclosure is necessary in the view of the courts in the given circumstances, it is important to recognise the fact that this provision may not be keeping with Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view. Moreover, as several journalists have recognised, journalists can only appeal against an order for disclosure if they are personally party to litigation and, where this is allied with section 14 of the same Act it would seem that domestic law in this area is particularly stringent. However, it must be stressed that neither the ECHR 1950 nor domestic law confers a right upon anyone to ‘broadcast time’, since Article 10 simply confers a right not to have access to public media denied on discriminatory, arbitrary, or unreasonable grounds. This view is effectively illustrated by the Privy Council decision in Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting where the court quashed the respondent’s decision to suspend Mr Benjamins phone-in programme on Anguillan radio. Therefore, the Privy Council held that although Mr Benjamin had no right to broadcast, he did have the right not to have his access denied on arbitrary and capricious grounds. As a result, it must also be recognised that, according to the courts in this country, the ‘necessity’ for any restriction on freedom of expression must be convincingly established, according to the decision in Sunday Times v. United Kingdom. This is because the court in this case was â€Å"faced †¦ with a principle of freedom of expression†, but â€Å"it is not sufficient that the interference involved belongs to that class of the exceptions listed in article 10(2) †¦ neither is it sufficient because its subject-matter fell within a particular category or was caught by a legal rule formulated in general or absolute terms†. Moreover, their has been some judicial discourse regarding what is meant by the limited circumstances proscribed in section 10 of the CCA 1981, where the courts may find journalists in contempt for looking to protect their sources, and as to whether this is a fair reflection of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 by comparing the views of Lord Justice Schiemann in Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited and Lord Justice Sedley in Financial Times Ltd v. Interbrew SA. This is effectively illustrated by the decision in Secretary of State for Defence v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd where Lord Diplock said, â€Å"exceptions include no reference to ‘the public interest’ generally and †¦ the expression ‘justice’ †¦ is †¦ in the technical sense of the administration of justice in the course of legal proceedings†. Therefore, ‘The Guardian’had to reveal the identity of Sarah Tisdall, a government employee who photocopied a document showing American cruise missiles due to arrive in England, who was jailed as a result. However, despite the fact that it was stated in the decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd that â€Å"there can be no doubt now that both section 10 and article 10 †¦ enhance the freedom of the press by protecting journalistic sources†, it is perhaps little wonder the European Court of Human Rights (‘ECtHR’) has ruled that a journalist has the right to protect confidential sources except in these narrowly-defined circumstances. This is because, under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950, a journalist must reveal a confidential source â€Å"where vital public or individual interests [are] at stake†. But it is very difficult to prove when such circumstances will arise. This is because, specifically, in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the journalist in this case (a William Goodwin) refused to reveal the confidential source of damaging information relating to a particular company Tetra – and the information supplied to Goodwin was found to have come from a draft secret corporate plan that had gone missing from the company so that Tetra suspected a disloyal employee or collaborator. As a result, the company in question alleged that the information was stolen and that its publication could damage the company’s reputation and future business prospects, so this meant that the domestic tribunals in the UK sided with the company, barring the publication of the information and ordering the journalist to reveal his source. However, the journalist refused and was held in contempt of court and fined  £5,000 under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 that was upheld by the Court of Appeal and then the House of Lords. This meant the House of Lords specifically applied the principle expounded by Lord Reid in the decision of Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners when upholding the Court of Appeal’s decision that stated â€Å"if through no fault of his own a person gets mixed up in the tortious acts of others †¦ he †¦ comes under a duty to assist the person who has been wronged† But the journalist then looked to file a complaint with the European human rights system, arguing that his right to freedom of expression under the ECHR 1950 had been violated. Therefore, the ECtHR ruled the order to reveal the journalistic source and the fine imposed on the journalist for refusing to do so was incompatible with the ECHR 1950. Such a view was decided upon because the Court reasoned the â€Å"[p]rotection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom† because â€Å"[w]ithout such protection, sources may be deterred from assisting the press in informing the public on matters of public interest†. This was supported by the fact that it was recognised in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom that the â€Å"Protection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom †¦ and is affirmed in several international instruments on journalistic freedoms† because otherwise â€Å"sources may be deterred from assisting the press†. Therefore, this would mean â€Å"the ability of the press to provide accurate and reliable information may be adversely affected† so that â€Å"source disclosure †¦ cannot be compatible with article 10 of the Convention unless it is justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest†. The decision followed on from that of the House of Lords in X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd so that Lord Bridge of Harwich echoed their consensus as they indicated how the approach to be adopted to section 10 of the CCA 1981 involved very much the same balancing exercise as is involved in applying Article 10 of the ECHR 1950. Lord Bridge reasoned that as to â€Å"whether disclosure is necessary in the interests of justice gives rise to a more difficult problem of weighing one public interest against another† and so, when commenting on Lord Diplock’s dictum in Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd, â€Å"to construe ‘justice’ as the antonym of ‘injustice’ in section 10 would be far too wide. But to confine it to ‘the technical sense of the administration of justice †¦ seems †¦ too narrow† Therefore, people â€Å"should be enabled to exercise important legal rights and to protect themselves from serious legal wrongs†. This means it â€Å"will not be sufficient †¦ to show merely that he will be unable without disclosure to exercise the legal right or avert the threatened legal wrong on which he bases his claim†. As a result, â€Å"the judge’s task will always be to weigh †¦ the importance of enabling the ends of justice to be attained in the circumstances of the particular case †¦ against the importance of protecting the source†. However, the House of Lords decision in Reynolds v. Times Newspapers altered the approach to qualified privilege because it established common law qualified privilege could apply to media publications and traditional duty and interest requirements could be satisfied by media publications so that publishers had no defence even if they were not careless or published the material to serve a general public interest. Therefore, with a generic approach, all such media publications would be protected unless claimants proved malice so that this means that, under the influence of the ECHR 1950, journalists’ confidential sources are accorded very strong protection in England, which makes it extremely difficult to prove malice. Moreover, a generic approach was rejected because its scope would be too narrow Instead, the House of Lords concluded common law qualified privilege should focus on the publication’s public interest qualities Similarly in the more recent decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd it was decided that the â€Å"care of patients at Ashworth is fraught with difficulty and danger† and â€Å"The disclosure of the patients’ records increases that difficulty†. This is because the court had had to decide whether to order disclosure of the identity of a hospital employee who had supplied confidential medical records on the Moors murderer Ian Brady to the Daily Mirror’s investigations editor. Accordingly â€Å"The source’s disclosure was wholly inconsistent with the security of the records and the disclosure was made worse because it was purchased by a cash payment†. As a result the court took a strict line with this decision because of the risk of further confidential information being disclosed for profit, supported by the earlier decision in Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others. Nevertheless, in looking to compare these decisions with another jurisdiction, it is interesting to consider the fact that when Turkey attempted to justify its interference with journalists’ rights to freedom of expression on national security grounds, the ECtHR resolved the journalist’s complaints against the State in its decision in the case of Halis v. Turkey In this case the Turkish government imprisoned a journalist for publishing a book review that looked to express positive opinions about aspects of the Kurdish separatist movement. Therefore, the journalist was convicted domestically for violating the provisions of the Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991 through the dissemination of propaganda about an illegal separatist terrorist organisation. As a result, when the journalist filed a complaint with the ECtHR, the State defended that its restriction was necessary to protect national security. Accordingly, the ECtHR found that the restriction in these circumstances was made pursuant to Turkish law and that the sensitive security situation and the use of violence by a separatist movement in Turkey and the measures taken by the government had the legitimate aim of protecting national security and public safety. But the ECtHR found that the conviction and suspended sentence of the journalist was not necessary in a democratic society and that it violated the journalist’s right to freedom of expression. Similarly, in Sener v. Turkey, the owner and editor of a weekly Turkish paper was convicted of ‘disseminat[ing] propaganda against the State’ for publishing an article that referred to the military attacks on the Kurdish population as genocide, when Turkey again defended its interference with freedom of speech on national security grounds, and the ECtHRs held that the State had once again violated the applicant’s right to freedom of expression. Moreover, in the more recent decision of Dammann v. Switzerland, it was held that there had been a violation of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 when a journalist had been prosecuted and fined for inciting a civil servant to disclose an official secret. The case arose because of the fact that the journalist had asked an administrative assistant to tell him whether a list of suspects of a recent robbery had any previous criminal convictions and she had supplied that information in breach of official secrecy law. Therefore, with this in mind, the Court held that the journalist’s source could be protected because the information supplied was a matter of great public interest and debate and the information in question could have been obtained by other means, such as through consulting law reports or press records. Similarly, the Irish Constitution has always recognised the freedom of expression because of the fact that, after centuries of British rule ended in 1921, the new Irish state chose to draft its own written constitution. Therefore, with this in mind, the current Irish constitution has recognised the right to freedom of expression and also calls for the country’s authorities to prevent the media from undermining public order or morality, whilst also preserving the medias right of liberty of expression. But, in spite of this codification, Irish journalists and law reformers understand that defamation decisions including Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd have seriously impeded this right so that freedom of the press is seriously restricted. This is because of the fact that liability costs have discouraged investigative journalism and activists in this area have sought parity with the other jurisdictions under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 in practice as well as in statute. In conclusion, this means that in looking to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, it is clear that, whilst there is little doubt this provision provides the courts with an important protocol to protect journalists’ sources, section 10 does not give unequivocal reinforcement to journalists’ professional duty of confidentiality so that, worryingly, it is not just in exceptional cases that the statute’s protection is being overturned. However, whilst in view of the nature and scope of many of the more recent decisions, since that found in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, where the domestic courts have ordered disclosure, journalists still largely place their obligations towards their sources above anything to the court and the administration of justice under section 10 of the CCA 1981. This is because, in such circles, the freedom of expression under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 is considered paramount and, as was the case in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the matter can always be referred to the ECtHR for judgment should the domestic courts prove unduly restrictive. However, with this in mind, whilst one can only speculate what may be decided in cases like Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd, it would appear, that specifically in this case, this might appear to fall within one of the exceptions provided by Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 – namely, â€Å"for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence†. Therefore, section 10 of the CCA 1981 appears quite reflective of Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view because of the limited circumstances where it has been infringed upon in domestic law before and after the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. But, on the basis of the decisions in Turkey, Switzerland and Ireland, by way of comparison, it is all too clear that even where one of the exceptions under Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 is cited, it must be proved to the ECtHR satisfaction otherwise it will still apply. This is because such a view arises from the fact that since, as we have already recognised, the European Court of Human Rights has categorically stated that the right to freedom of expression must be guaranteed not only for information and ideas that are favourably received, but also for those that shock the State Therefore, it must be recognised that the right to freedom of expression would be nonexistent if only statements acceptable to the government, and the majority, were allowed to be expressed so that all facts and opinions must be permitted, provided that they are not specifically restricted by the governing treaty. Bibliography Frazier. S ‘Liberty of Expression in Ireland the Need for a Constitutional Law of Defamation’ (1999) 32(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 391 Gordon. R. S, Ward. T Eicke. T ‘The Strasbourg Case Law: Leading Cases from the European Human Rights Reports’ Sweet Maxwell (2001) Hare. I ‘English Lessons in Comparative Public Law: Will the First Amendment have the Last Word?’ (2000) 10 Trinity Law Review 29 Hare. I ‘Method Objectivity in Free Speech Adjudication: Lessons From America’ (2005) 54(1) ICLQ 49 Moncrieff. M ‘No names†¦ unless the court decides otherwise’ The Guardian (08/04/02) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2002/apr/08/mondaymediasection4) Pasqualucci. J. M ‘Criminal Defamation the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2006) 29(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 379 Soames. M ‘Privilege, yes, but it is to protect the public’ The Times (26/07/05) (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8163-1705639,00.html) Weaver. R. L, Kenyon. A. T, Partlett. D. F Walker. C. P ‘Defamation Law Free Speech: Reynolds V. Times Newspapers and the English Media’ (2004) 37(5) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1255 Table of Cases Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd [2002] UKHL 29 Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting [2001] 1 WLR 1040 Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited [1999] QB 124 Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd No. 5557 (Ir. H. Ct. May 6, 1997) Dammann v. Switzerland (Application No. 77551/01) ECtHR 2 May 2006 Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd [1993] AC 534 Fernando v. Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (1996) 1 BHRC 104 Financial Times Ltd v Interbrew SA [2002] EWCA Civ 274 Goodwin v. United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 123 Halis v. Turkey [2005] ECtHR 3 Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others [2002] 1 Lloyds Rep 542 Jersild  v.  Denmarkjudgment  of 23rd September  1994,  Series  A  no.  298 Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners [1974] AC 133 R v. British Broadcasting Corporation, ex parte ProLife Alliance [2004] 1 AC 185 Reynolds v. Times Newspapers [2001] 2 AC 127 Scharsach News Verlagsgesellschaft v. Austria (2003) ECtHR 596 Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd [1985] AC 339 Sener v. Turkey [2000] ECtHR 377 Sunday Times v. United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245 X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd [1991] 1 AC 1 Table of Statutes Bunreacht na hEireann 1921 (as amended) Contempt of Court Act 1981 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Human Rights Act 1998 Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991

Aquaculture and Shrimp Culture :: New Aquaculture Technology

Aquaculture in general and shrimp culture in particular have recently been developing strategies of super-intensive cultures without water exchange. This approach addresses environmental questions raised by both society and the scientific community regarding sustainable development concepts which demand a convergence of ecological prudence, economic efficiency and social equity in all human activities (Bailey, 1988; Brown, 1989; Pruder, 1992; Macintosh and Phillips, 1992; Kinkelin and Michel, 1992; Pe ´ rez, 1993; Currie, 1994; Primavera, 1994; Rosenthal, 1994; Larsson et al., 1995; Kestemont, 1995). Pioneer work such as Reid and Arnold (1992) and Williams et al. (1996) demonstrated that it is possible to produce shrimp at high density in raceway systems that use water recirculation. The recent progress made in the area of super-dense cultures, also known as ‘‘suspended-growth systems’’ (Hargreaves, 2006) and ‘‘active suspension ponds’’ (Avnimelech, 2006), reinforces the idea that it is possible to produce aquatic organisms in an intensive and especially bio-safe way. The absence of effluents, the reduction of utilized space, and the dramatic reduction of the introduction of infectious diseases, are the main criteria for justifying its development (McNeil, 2000; McAbee et al., 2003; Burford et al., 2003, 2004; Pruder, 2004; Sowers et al., 2005; Wasielesky et al., 2006; Azim and Little, 2008; De Schryver et al., 2008; Schveitzer et al., 2008). Although this relatively new aquaculture technology is still developing (De Schryver et al., 2008), important research efforts have been made with the objective of comprehending the physical, chemical and biological phenomena present in the water that dictate the dynamic of the cultures (Hopkins et al., 1993; Moss and Pruder, 1995; Sandifer and Hopkins, 1996; Davis and Arnold, 1998; Avnimelech, 1999; Browdy et al., 2001). Some studies suggest that shrimp culture in a closed system (without water exchange) can maintain water quality considered acceptable for these organisms (Thakur and Lin, 2003). Others suggest that the water quality, in spite of being ‘‘poor’’ due to the large quantity of nutrients that are accumulated over time, is sufficient to guarantee the growth and survival of the animals (Burford et al., 2003). Hargreaves (2006) criticizes the majority of studies regarding these so-called ‘‘suspended-growth systems’’, because they suggest that the role of the bacteria in reference to the maintenance and the improvement of the water quality is more i mportant than the phytoplankton metabolism. The importance that primary productivity has in the cultures (extensive, semi-intensive, polycultures, etc.) of different organisms is well-documented (Noriega-Curtis, 1979; Laws and Malecha, 1981; Chang and Ouyang, 1988; Yusoff and McNabb,

The Duration Of Coaching Csa Trinity Education Essay

Knowledge is deemed an indispensable portion of training within any clean environment. Furthermore, within any clean environment all managers require some sort of training cognition whether novitiate or expert in which constructed throughout life or coaching experiences. Coaching cognition is critical whether planning, coach/athlete relationship, analysing, and observation etc†¦ In which is important towards participants larning. Therefore, the intent of this paper is to find whether any cognition has been extended and how farther cognition can be constructed to heighten personal coaching towards accomplishing long clip personal end of expertness coaching. This will be completed via 20 completed hours with the CSA Trinity ( CSA ) and training Sessionss which were delivered within the 12 hebdomads at Oxford Brookes University to detect if any patterned advance from a novitiate to expert knowledge base manager. Phases of development Throughout the continuance of training CSA three Football Club training observations were deployed towards myself via feedback from participants and parents to find what training degree public presentation stood. Mention to appendix 5, manager public presentation feedback sheets. As Bloom ( 1985 ) provinces, three stages of the faculty include induction, development and flawlessness in which designed to better immature jocks within a suited environment and hence enhances the development of expertness. However, a somewhat different position from Dreyfus and Dreyfus ( 1986 ) whereby expertise accomplishment involves five phases of completion novitiate, advanced novice, competent, proficient and expert within anyone ‘s field of expertness. Conversely, farther surveies demonstrate several transmutations of athletics context as Cote ( 1999 ) adopted four phases and designed a faculty to raising and develop participants, but besides could drop out at different phases in required duri ng the sampling, specialising, investing and diversion stages. Another theoretical account as Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) suggest managers ‘ demands of going an adept practician involve extended cognition base. However, in order to make drawn-out cognition base managers require commence through four phases of development, novitiate, competent, proficient and expert. Though each theoretical account demands are important in order for development to make a 1 ‘s end â€Å" expertness † significantly for different types of work industries and degrees of abilities. However, Hargreaves and bate ( 2009 ) province ; experience and cognition are good as developing and training the participants within the session to obtain improved accomplishments and cognition of the game, instead than running a session via accretion drills. Furthermore, Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) suggest, novice accent lay on participant ‘s behaviors than slightly developing the participant and hence, no future battle of cognition to better acquisition. However, Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) continues, within the competent stage, cognition is consumed to diminish the sum of errors that occur, but every bit concerned with regulations, such as no speaking policy when manager is speaking. Therefore, competent coaching within the first five or six hebdomads at University and ( CSA ) as somewhat confounding due to letters of information received within talks. Consequently, deficiency of experience and cognition prevailed as proficient cognition, contemplations ; planning, coach/athlete relationship and coaching manners etcaˆÂ ¦ were slightly a learning stage and hence running alternatively of training a session in which no acquisition or developments took topographic point when presenting Sessionss. Mention to appendix 4, brooding journal and one to six hebdomads of session evaluations/reflections for under 8 ‘s and 11 ‘s. For that ground, building cognition was the following phase in order to accomplish a degree of proficiency as Perlus ( 2008 ) feels that, training cognition comes from personal experiences, i.e. playing the athletics, expertise degree and context etcaˆÂ ¦ and hence playing ability is indispensable in which refines training cognition. However, these properties would hold a certain grade of effectivity, although non indispensable to go an adept manager. For illustration, Linford Christie ‘s ex-coach Ron Roddan highest accomplishment was running for his county Middlesex and Jose Mourinho current Real Madrid director both encountered short low profile, playing callings. As Carter ( 2006 ) provinces, Jose Mourinho playing calling was really brief, nevertheless, during his brief enchantment as a participant whilst analyzing football methodological analysis within Lisbon ‘s Sports University. Therefore, increased his cognition base in which Mourinho encountered all phases t o expertise which lead him to assorted assistant/manager occupations at high-profile nines. However, deriving experience from old playing calling is non indispensable to derive expertness cognition. Whether professional jock or playing recreational athleticss expertness cognition can be gained through sheer finding and motive and create solid foundation within training. Therefore, indispensable for different facets to derive cognition, i.e. experiences, books, diaries, analyzing public presentation, playing experience and detecting other coaches- penetration into tactics and technique and feedback are important constituents to make coveted end of expertness. Mention to appendix 1,2,3,4 and 5 of portfolio. However, deriving expert cognition requires hours and old ages of deliberate pattern harmonizing to Ericsson and Charness ( 1994 ) , Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Ericsson et Al ( 1993 ) , Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) , cote ( 2006 ) and Gilbert et Al ( 2006 ) which are from different Fieldss and slightly indecisive within the continuance and experience to necessitate expertness cognition base. Nevertheless, all theories fluctuate and suggest five, 10 and 13 old ages, 3,000 to10,000 hours to make full potency. However, Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) provinces, adept cognition are neither familial nor typical features, but fineness within training which instruction and experience in which can be expanded over hours or old ages of deliberate pattern dependant on the single motive of success. Though, depending on what type of coach/person, sheer finding, personality, visions, passion, motive and ends etcaˆÂ ¦ you possess cognition. Hence, experience could be administered quicker to stand out from novi tiate to expert to accomplish the end they require as Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) points justly out. Finally, if required plenty cognition and content with the degree of coaching/knowledge, managers may choose to halt if gained a degree of efficiency. Another method which coaches concept cognition is formal, non-formal and informal manager larning whereby ongoing and womb-to-tomb development to build farther cognition in different organisations. As Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) , Smilde ( 2009 ) and Edwards et Al ( 2006 ) study that, formal acquisition is institutionalized and organised instruction system with inactive or additive learning aims and chief focal point is the merchandise and non the procedure for illustration, course of study administrations i.e. BTEC, national government organic structure ( NGB ) classs and degrees-foundation grades etc.. â€Å" enfranchisement constructed † . For case Ehlers ( 1998 ) found that, disadvantages occur within formal larning ‘learners remember merely 20 % of the information presented during a formal lesson ‘ . Consequently, formal acquisition has no consideration for the individual/learner and low impact on cognition and hence, decreases the trouble of the demands of the manager. For illustration, managers, possibly hesitant when using cognition to pattern, when and how to train. Although, Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) , Smilde ( 2009 ) and Edwards et Al ( 2006 ) continues, non-formal acquisition takes topographic point outside formal acquisition within workshops, groups, administrations and best pattern etcaˆÂ ¦ acquisition does non happen, because, on the other manus good for basic apprehension. However, inordinately hard to mensurate if learning/knowledge has taking topographic point as no base on balls or fail occurs and hence, does non supply a model which is critical for building training cognition. Though, Informal larning consists of building cognition, developing accomplishments and behaviors which benefit training pattern via the usage of diaries, books, pictures and autonomy etcaˆÂ ¦ . Therefore, research and acquisition within the environment over ongoing life long procedure is good for expertness cognition. For illustration, detecting to dispute something, reflecting in ( within session ) and on ( after session ) pra ctical, proficient and critical jobs can make a deeper acquisition or development of training cognition. Mention to appendix 6, readings-development of adept training page 2 and 6. However, persons are slightly different and learn at different velocities, ways. Therefore, to make a sound cognition base, formal and non-formal acquisition would supply non merely enfranchisement, but a foundation for patterns, drills and the rudimentss apprehension of the coaching environment. However, informal, the most good, but using cognition from informal with the usage of the non-formal and informal would turn out slightly good for some persons within the coaching environment. Hence, persons learn otherwise i.e. in their ain in manner which they feel conformable, see different chances to detect the result themselves etcaˆÂ ¦ to accomplish a certain end. Areas of cognition The sentiment of Cassidy et Al ( 2004 ) and Robyn et Al ( 2008 ) is that, the work from researcher Shulman ( 1986 ) in respects to content cognition required three subdivisions, capable affair content cognition ( SMCK ) refers to the manager and cognition to present a session i.e. nucleus accomplishments accomplished by the participants whilst the regulations are coached etcaˆÂ ¦ pedagogical content cognition ( PCK ) is the ability to learn or pass on whilst engaged with the ( SMCK ) participants. Finally, course of study content cognition ( CCK ) ‘tools of the trade ‘ as mentioned by Robyn et Al ( 2008 ) , intending explicating and analyzing the capable affair towards pupil acquisition. However, Metzler ( 2000 ) suggests, Shulman ‘s work is a great get downing point in respects to content cognition. However, Metzler ( 2000 ) continues, farther dislocation of the current constituents into a farther three classs declarative, procedural and conditional cognition would be good as it would go confidant within the designated athletics. Therefore, Metzler ( 2000 ) and Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) portion the same position in that declaratory cognition ( DK ) in which managers explains and show verbally or within a written format, i.e. the cognition about and facts and things. Metzler ( 2000 ) and Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) continue, procedural cognition ( PK ) , intending â€Å" knowledge how too/ how to accomplish it † i.e. how to execute a undertaking or process and conditional cognition refers to when and why to make something and what happens if. Refer to appendix 6, readings-development of adept training pages 5-6. However, both Metzler ( 2000 ) and Shulman ( 1986 ) in respects to all classs are slightly good when using both methods together within the coaching environment whereby managers can better participants ‘ public presentations and hence, larning takes topographic point as the cognition to acquire something done had occurred â€Å" adept Coaches † . Mention to appendix 2 Sessionss plans 9 and 10 of both under 8 ‘ & As ; 11 ‘s. The latter phases of the 20 hours training and lectures going more confident as expanded cognition and experience was clearly apparent as some larning took topographic point. Therefore, proficient cognition, reflections/evaluating, planning, coach/athlete relationship and coaching manners etcaˆÂ ¦were developing together non merely certain facets of coaching. However, due to huge accrued cognition and experience proficient cognition base was more distinguished, but still needs betterment. Mention to appendix 4, brooding journal and seven to ten hebdomads of session evaluations/reflections for under 8 ‘s and 11 ‘s. Though, concentrating more on the participants ‘ performance/development, participant battle instead than running a session as before. However, expert knowledge more formidable and hence, more cognition and experience required to make lifetime end â€Å" adept cognition base manager † . As Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) Wiman et Al ( 2010 ) conclude to derive expertness cognition involves changeless planning for coveted results of Sessionss, deriving cognition all the clip via diaries, books, workshops, programmes which involve enfranchisement etc.aˆÂ ¦ Furthermore, larning and detecting from other adept managers, experience etc†¦ Refer to appendix 5, peer observations-strengths/weaknesses Decision Given this grounds, it can be seen that managers get cognition they need to be effectual and adept manager via different methods through a figure of formal, non-formal and informal acquisition environments. However, larning is diverse and dynamic procedure in which is really typical and hence, different to being taught something within instruction. Therefore, indispensable to derive cognition through all types of experiences from playing recreational to professional athleticss, reading diaries or books, written work, workshops programmes which involve enfranchisement etcaˆÂ ¦ Furthermore, deriving expert cognition requires hours and old ages of deliberate pattern all dependant on what type of attitude the coach/person requires as sheer finding, passion, and motive to make the coveted ends could stand out towards the journey of dream end â€Å" adept manager † .